International Trade Essay

Introduction The Australian car industry is on the rise and according to the country’s Financial Review, it emerged that the industry needed a huge amount of money to subsidize its operations for further four years (Alexander 2012, p. 1). In this case, the industry required about $34 million to fulfil its mission.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Essay-Protection of Australian Car Industry Course and code specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This necessitates a rescue program for the industry to avoid future problems and impending collapse, though other economists would consider it as being short-sightedness. Since the car manufacturing sector was started in the country, it has received a lot of assistance from the government to protect it from trade forces. The industry was protected through subsidies and sometimes tariffs, which enhanced the development of motor industry in the country. In reality, when the government assistance to the company becomes meaningless. Economic Arguments against the Industry Protection Economists and other researchers have advanced various arguments in contrary to the policies, which advocate for the protection of the car industry. Such bailouts are resisted because they increase the company’s independent on handouts, hence might compromise its liquidity and operations. Economically, some of the arguments against the protection of the car industry in Australia include the following; Incentives matters: often, economists have argued that through protecting the industry, it might relent on its mandate of providing incentives to its workers so that the latter improves the quality of cars (Kemp 2008, p 102). Since the success of car manufacturing depends on the quality of the output, provision of incentives the industry might be depending on government assistance at the expense of developing internal mechanisms (Kemp 2008, p. 108). Imp ortantly, the workers normally initiate behaviour that would enable them rewarded for their hard work. In addition, economists believe that the bailouts decrease the competitiveness of the models, making the industry lose a lot of money due to poor sales. Comparative Advantage: Notably, globalization and the current liberalized trade in the country ensure that the production suits structure (Salvatore 2012, p. 17). However, protecting the industry reduces its comparative advantage to the total number of existing car manufacturers in Australia and other parts of the world. The extent to which the car industry could remain competitive explains the application of the Mercantilism theory of Absolute Advantage (Feenstra 2003, p. 55). Under this theory, Adam Smith argued that the company progresses and accumulates enormous wealth based on its inclination to the production of goods, in which it generally has comparative advantage compared to the others.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, comparative advantage revitalizes the business pattern, and this helps the company in making decisions, and might enable the company make reasonable profit (Feenstra 2003, p. 67). Resource Allocation: the efficiency with which the Australian car industry operates in terms of resource allocation is likely to affect its output. Borrowing from the Factor Proportion Theory (FPT), Scholars argued that the resources necessary for efficient production system must be allocated fairly so that no industry benefit from undue advantage. Since the auto industry needs a lot of resources, it is reducing in its quantity of production especially in Australia due to poor or inefficient resource allocation (Pomfret 2008, p. 82). The inefficiency has caused scale-back of productivity in the car industry, in Australia to a level worrying the stakeholders. This is because the industry relies heavily on the subsidies than having a local initiative to improve on the utility of the available resources. The economists argue that the car manufacturers should embrace systems, which would improve efficiency in the sector (Pomfret 2008, p. 84). Therefore, they are against the increasing subsidies for the sector. Economic Darwinism: there has also been the notion that only the best industry with efficient production systems could survive in the competitive economy. According to Darwinism theory of economic development, an industry cannot make significant improvement in its production, without efficiency and this effectiveness is achieved through local mechanism (Salvatore 2012, p. 99). As a result, helping the industry in its production system was itself against the spirit of Darwinism, thus not acceptable. In this regard, the Australian economists were against the protection and subsidizing the car industry and instead, they were of the opinion that it should be left to survive on its own. The increase in the cost of Australian manufactured cars was cited as the reason for the low preference for the cars, thus a major cause for the decline of the industry (Salvatore 2012, p. 101). Basically, the industry does not need any subsidy to make its production competitive, but simply needs an internal mechanism to make it economically viable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Essay-Protection of Australian Car Industry Course and code specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cost Benefit Argument: it is apparent the cost of input the majority of workers put in the production system of the industry does not benefit them, but only to a few individuals. Thus, economists believe that protecting the car industry would translate to taking care of the majority who do not benefit from the production, but only enrich a few individuals best placed in this industry, such as merchant traders, s uppliers among others (Salvatore 2012, p. 105). Therefore, they believe that the government should not protect the industry. Moral Hazard: economists also believe that it is inconsequential and a huge risk for the government to bailout the car industry in Australia. This is because; the industry has literally fallen short of the internal mechanism to enhance the ease with which it carries out its production. This means the company would be less aggressive and only wait for assistance, a situation that may only increase its problems (Adam, Bordo Young 2009, p. 24). Firm’s Failure: understanding the firm’s failure and establishing the practical economic approaches of solving such problems is more important than relying on subsidies to improve efficiency and quantity of production. The firm might not succeed if it cannot improve the internal efficiency to respond to the unprecedented market failures, thus will always depend on the external assistance during crisis. Howev er, economists argue that proper inbuilt mechanisms could adequately shield the company from undetermined crisis (Adam, Bordo Young 2009, p. 26). The government could only assist when there are external forces affecting the production, but not due to its failure. Inflexible Labour: notably, the inflexibility of the labour sometimes challenges the car industry in Australia. Though the government has some reasons for protecting the car industry from the changing labour market, the practice has no benefit to the general workers in the industry (Adam, Bordo Young 2009, p. 27). Economic Arguments for the Industry Protection Despite the criticisms for the car industry protection, there are a number of reasons, which rationalizes its protection. A number of economists have reiterated that protecting an industry from negative competition is the best and surest way of promoting its growth. However, the protection should not be aimed at interfering with the operation of others, and supporte d by the following economic argument Unfair Competition: there are trade competitions, which do not work to the advantage of the car industry in Australia. For instance, the high importation of cheap cars from the Asian region has a lot of impact on the manufacturing process. Indeed, the economists argue that the stiff competition from merchants necessitates protection of the car manufacturers in the country (Reuvid Sherlock 2011, p. 41).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Changes in Labour Laws: there are regulations that might not be advantageous to the industry, especially those that tend to favour the employees (Reuvid Sherlock 2011, p. 42). For example, the policy that advocates for increasing the salaries of workers would affect the company. Market Failure: economists argue that the problems of the international market might inhibit the progress that the industry, creating a non-uniform field for competitive business operation (Reuvid Sherlock 2011, p. 43). Indeed, leveraging is not possible in cases of market failure, thus making it difficult for the manufacturers to operate at a profit. In this case, market failure might cause the car industry to incur heavy losses, and threaten its termination. Therefore, it cannot compete effectively with other players. Conclusion In summary, though the government protection for the car manufacturing sector is necessary in certain occasions such as market failures, the development of internal mechanisms is vital. This means the level of efficiency in the company determines its smooth operations than unnecessarily relying on the subsidies. References Adam, K., Bordo, M Young, W 2009, Theories of International Trade, Routledge, London. Alexander, P 2012, Car Industry Handouts are Childish. Web. Feenstra, R 2003, Advanced International Trade: Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press, New York. Kemp, M 2008, International Trade Theory: A Critical Review, Routledge, London. Pomfret, R 2008, Lecture Notes on International Trade Theory and Policy, World Scientific Publishing, New York. Reuvid, J Sherlock, J 2011, International Trade: An Essential Guide to the Principles and Practice of Export, Kogan Page, London. Salvatore, D 2012, Introduction to International Economics (3rd Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York. This essay on International Trade Essay-Protection of Australian Car Industry Course and code was written and submitted by user Konnor Mclaughlin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Chicano Movement

The Chicano Movement Recent attacks on immigrants and on affirmative action, coupled with the mean-spirited political climate in the U.S.Congress, have brought a revival of Chicano activism on college campuses and in scholarly conferences. Moreover, it has come to a restoration of the oratory of the Chicano Movement of the 60’s and 70’s. This is not fresh as the association continues to dwarf all other post 70’s activist actions inside the Mexican-American society. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Chicano Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chicano opinionated pundits have so far to productively tag the activism of the post group era in any permanent method. So, each new communal disaster in the barrio brings out those who assert to be society activists, even though some of them are not aged enough to bear in mind the 70’s. This ought to tell us that the association continues to have ideolog ical and touching magnetism for Chicanos today. The appeal is partially idealistic, much like that which the 60’s has on young white activists of nowadays. But another, more significant cause is that the movement represented a basic move in the way Mexican-Americans saw themselves. We can, from first to last combine, the movement as a procedure by which the Mexican American community develops a construct to argue its place in American history and culture. The Mexican-Americans no longer act in response to the harms confronting them as they would affect immigrants, or a racial group that is gradually vanishing into incorporation. My attention in this essay is to endorse a dissimilar structure for the study of the Chicano Movement. The paper seeks to examine what the â€Å"procedure† known as Chicanismo means and tries to analyze the Marxist and neo-nationalist views concerning the history. The Mexican-Americans confront the challenges of a society that remains consci ous of race through ethnic group solidarity, and through strategies that guarantee their survival as a distinct yet very American community. They reject traditional liberal pressures to assimilate, and they continue to search for a political agenda that opposes the country’s new nativism. More importantly, the community has come to depend on native sons and daughters for its leadership. Many would argue against my interpretation of the legacy of Chicanismo on Hispanic politicians. And while tempted to agree with their analysis on the failure of this generation, I am reminded that each generation seeks a counter-identity that distinguishes it from those of the past. Hispanics are no different. Arreola stated that for those who reject the politics of this generation, the Chicano Movement will continue to be the crucial juncture in twentieth century Mexican American history (89). Understanding the Chicano Movement then remains important for those seeking to be different and fo r those who hope to duplicate the social activism of that most tumultuous period.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Points The Chicano Movement Process stages and definitions Heritage and challenges of the Chicano Movement Conclusion. The Chicano association procedure Stages and definitions I hypothesize that in the second part of the 20th century, the Chicano community underwent several stages of development and during that course and the Chicano group arose and played itself out. These stages, which I will give details afterward, are: A denial of the broadminded agenda. A reinterpretation of history. A reaffirmation of contest and division; The formation of an oppositional polity. The stages proved to be not level, and at an era distracted and opposing. Nonetheless, they generated an array of thoughts in the Mexican American community. The process the lib eral agenda seem even more inadequate as Chicanos saw dissatisfaction within those groups they perceived as having more influence on mainstream society. The Cuban Revolution, and the African wars for independence as well as the Mexican student movement also galvanized â€Å"consciousness† among Chicanos. This consciousness was later given direction by the â€Å"Farm Workers Union, the Alianza, the Crusade for Justice, student organizations, and La Raza Unida.† The working class was obligatory in this action and women were the organizational backbone of the movement. This movement writes Gà ³mez-Quià ±ones came to concentrate on the â€Å"questions of alienation, ethnicity, identity, class, gender, and chauvinism.† It became a struggle for self-identification and a search for a legitimate past. Carlos Muà ±oz, the first major figure in the movement to write about it in an autobiographical style, agrees on the question of identity. Muà ±oz describes the mo vement as a social phenomenon placed in the â€Å"context of the politics of identity.† For him, as with Gà ³mez-Quià ±ones, students were the backbone of the drive for social change among Chicanos. Unlike Acuà ±a, Muà ±oz does not see the movement as simply another phase of the Chicano struggle for liberation. In fact, the Chicano student movement signal led a departure from the struggles of the past because of its youthful nature, its ideological tendencies, and its search for identity. Working-class youths, many already at the universities, saw two major challenges confronting them. One was the atrocious conditions of the barrios, and the other was their isolation from the historical and cultural process. These were young people who decided to embark on a journey to recapture their culture, history, and primarily their identity as Chicanos. Like Barrera, Muà ±oz sees external factors as being important in the politicalization of this generation of young people. Adve rtising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Chicano Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These students were moved by events taking place around them. They confronted an unjust war in which Chicanos were dying at a high rate; they were seeing the Johnson liberal years giving way to the Nixon Administration; they were constantly being reminded of white middle-class discontent and black anger. More important, they were beginning to see their elders radicalizing their politics. While these Chicano scholars and others have provided an intellectual foundation for studying the Chicano Movement, their works can in advertently depict Chicanos as no more than ideological emulators or political copycats who have waited for outside stimulants in order to rise from their slumber. This defeats the purpose of studying the movement and continues to perpetuate the notion that Chicanos have done little that is original; conseque ntly little can be learned of social movements by studying them. This is a false analysis. This is based on an incomplete chronological perception helped unite many philosophical and past currents in the community. The amalgamation of these feelings caused Mexican Americans to see themselves as the public with a wonderful history and a brilliant upcoming. It in addition provided a foundation for an artistic following movement that distorted the Chicano scenery. That movement, I replicate, played itself out in phases, rather than through events or proceedings. Thus, the Chicano Movement ought to be calculated as a communal procedure rather than a sequence of actions enthused by organizations or persons. I do not downplay the effects that these had on the barrios of the United States, but I attempt to place them inside the background of a superior communal catharsis. A chronological meaning of the Chicano Movement and an appraisal of what scholars have said concerning this communal procedure are very important before I situate forth the ladder of this procedure. The Chicano Movement may be distinct as a common interest group that erupted in the 60’s to object the conditions in which the Mexican American society established itself. Flouting with the legalistic and high-minded strategies of the Mexican American age group, new activists propelled crowd recruitment against American institutions. This touching, but mainly peaceful, improvement movement incorporated numerous concerns of huge substance to a sundry group of people. Among these was the dread of cultural genocide, the lack of financial and communal mobility, out of control bias, and insufficient educational chance and entrance. The movement did not have an utterly political-electoral nature, as Chicanos fought racial discrimination and abandon in learning, accommodation, service, and in the kingdom of civilization and individuality. Calls for self willpower and uniqueness became an imperative constituent of the group. Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For many activists â€Å"the Mexican-American society had reached a point in time in its past odyssey that requested a communal and supporting eruption to make important changes in the barrios† (Flores 134). Acuà ±a describes the group as a regeneration of the continuing great effort of Chicanos to set free themselves from racism and use. His investigation, once understood in the hypothesis of inner colonialism, presents the Chicano Movement not as impressive new or chiefly different from the struggles of the precedent, with the exemption that it was supplementary nationwide in range and waged mostly in city areas, despite the farm workers’ blending in California and the ground funding battles in rural New Mexico. Although he later deserted his interior settlement replica, Acuà ±a continued to axis his case of Chicano domination on the military take-over of the Southwest by U.S. forces and its colonizing effects. Heritage and Challenges’ of the Chicano Movem ent The Chicano Movement also was not simply a search for identity, nor an outburst of collective anxiety spurred by outside antagonisms. It was a full-fledged transformation in the way Mexican-Americans thought, played politics, and promoted their culture. Chicanos embarked on a struggle to make fundamental political changes, and in the process they redefined their position in American society. No more were they to be an invisible minority without history or without a voice. Mexican-Americans would no more be known only for their patriotism in time of war, and their work ethic during the harvest time. To understand this change, one has to analyze the steps taken by significant sectors within the Mexican-American community to develop a political consciousness, or ethos, which defined them as a distinct sector in American society. More focused than just a communal philosophy, a political ethos is the manner by which a community rationalizes and justifies its political participation in society. The development of that ethos required intellectuals, politicians, activists, and other influential individuals within la comunidad to assess their historical importance; recognize or decide on their class status or statuses; promote their cultural roots; and organize a political agenda. This process was neither uniform nor ideologically consistent throughout all the sectors which embarked on this philosophical odyssey. In fact, its diversity and often contradictory nature maintained this activity as an ethos rather than a political ideology. During the movement, activists chose to identify certain symbols, events, rhetoric, and forms of resistance, and make them part of a pool of consciousness that gave meaning to the term Chicano, and the philosophy that came to be known as Chicanismo. By popularizing these elements through rhetoric and debate, Chicano activists developed a cultural-political taxonomy that explained their activism. This taxonomy differed from those of the past which were either pro-America or pro- Mexico. This new political identification was pro-barrio, and incorporated Americanism with the barrio’s Mexicanism. For Mexican-Americans, the negative aspects of the American experience, combined with the historical nostalgia for Mexico, created a cultural ambience that gave rise to Chicanismo. None of the works cited succeed in explaining this militant ethos. In fact, several of the authors completely ignore the existence of a political reservoir of ideas and strategies that go beyond promoting cultural pride or political separatism. The movement was driven by profound political and cultural precepts on being Chicano. To this day, no workable synthesis has been provided for looking at the development of a militant ethos in the Mexican-American community. In the first phase of the movement, Mexican American intellectuals, politicians, students, and others came to believe that the liberal agenda, which had been seen as th e solution to the community’s problems, was simply morally corrupt and a failure. This liberal agenda centered on an active government that would provide economic development, protect civil rights, and guarantee cultural pluralism. It was an approach that required faith in the established institutions, and patience in the face of slow change. It was a steady approach of government action, judicial litigation, and Anglo-American leadership. It also required that Mexican Americans wait for the â€Å"real† civil rights problems -those of Black Americans- to be solved before the focus shifted to them. Acuà ±a, a Chicano activist and writer, succinctly described the dilemma when he said that â€Å"Chicanos are not white enough to be accepted and not black enough for the civil rights movement† (155). Time and time again, Mexican Americans had attempted to reach out to the mainstream by developing patriotic organizations, serving in the armed forces in large numbers , adopting American ideals and de-emphasizing their national origins. Conclusion Using the thesis statement, we can derive that in studying the movement, we can recognize that it was more than a passing phase in Mexican-American history. We, then, understand it as a critical period in developing political strategies for the Mexican American community in the latter part of the twentieth century. It also distinguishes the movement from other movements that have occurred among the Mexican-origin population. In this manner, the four-phase model is a contribution to the study of the movement, and it can be tested at the national, regional, and local levels. It helps to better identify the changes that took place within the Mexican-American community than the previous narratives or analyses. This framework also captures the grassroots, democratic tendencies of the movement by showing how a new dialogue occurs that includes voices from a number of sectors within the community that had no t fully participated before. This approach also does not relegate the movement to the political graveyard as an unfocused, passionate social catharsis that arose, played out, and left things worse than they were. This is the kind of conclusion that is often made in some of the previous works, which start out praising the ideals of the movement, criticize its ideological foundations, and bemoan its stepchild, the Hispanic generation. Through this synthesis, we can see the movement as a process by which the Mexican American community develops a construct to debate its place in American history and society. The Mexican-Americans no longer react to the problems confronting them as immigrants, or an ethnic group that is slowly fading into assimilation would. The Mexican-Americans confront the challenges of a society that remains conscious of race through ethnic group solidarity, and through strategies that guarantee their survival as a distinct yet very American community. They reject traditional liberal pressures to assimilate, and they continue to search for a political agenda that opposes the country’s new nativism. More importantly, the community has come to depend on native sons and daughters for its leadership. Many would argue against my interpretation of the legacy of Chicanismo on Hispanic politicians. And while tempted to agree with their analysis on the failure of this generation, I am reminded that each generation seeks a counter-identity that distinguishes it from those of the past. Hispanics are no different. But for those who reject the politics of this generation, the Chicano Movement will continue to be the crucial juncture in twentieth century Mexican American history. Then, understanding the Chicano Movement remains important for those seeking to be different and for those who hope to duplicate the social activism of that most tumultuous period. Acuà ±a, Rodolfo. Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. New York: Addison-Wesley Publi shing Company, 1999. Print. Arreola, Daniel. Hispanic Spaces, Latino Spaces: Community and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary America. Austin: UT Press, 2004. Print. Flores, Richard. Remembering the Alamo: Memory, Modernity and the Master Symbol. Austin: University of Texas, 2002. Print.

Perception about Studying of the Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perception about Studying of the Students - Essay Example integration in respect of the students who attend the special schools. In the beginning of the journal, the focus is given on the rules and regulations made for such type of disability and students preferences. There is a qualitative method which is adopted in order to find out the truth behind such kind of debate and what is the main concern. A study is also taken where a pilot program is done. In this pilot program a mass of people who were disabled students of the respective ages required were taken. Firstly a group interview was taken, then a personal interview with each student. The group interview was focused on finding the main issues and perception of the students themselves. What they think about the further colleges. Then after the group interview, the personal interview further helped to bring out of more of the information which is their inner expectation and problems faced by them in entering the mainstream colleges. This study brought in itself the clarity and the findi ng was also shown to the participants. The results show mixed perception of the students. It is never asked to the students themselves where they want to go. Where the truth is that they wants to preferably wish to go to the special collages where they find themselves more connected and taken care in good manner. They also don’t want to learn from the LSA (learning staff assistant). They feel that the kind of The results show mixed perception of the students. It is never asked to the students themselves where they want to go. Where the truth is that they wants to preferably wish to go to the special collages where they find themselves more connected and taken care in good manner. They also don’t want to learn from the LSA (learning staff assistant). They feel that the kind of the information given to the other student should also be imparted to them and as per the researches shown that these assistants are not very qualified. Also the perception of the special students is more tilted towards learning in the special collages as they feel there they will not be treated specially as every student will have some kind of disability and they don’t want to feel different which ultimately affect their self-esteem. The most important thought which can be learned from this journal is that the students who have some kind of disability themselves do not wish to go and mingle with the mainstream college students. The journal has given very good information which shows that the student with disability is happier to be with same kind of people. The reason being that they get same importance, no feeling of being treated specially, no feeling disabled as some of the other disability is there in each student of special collages. It is also argued that the students with disability are not accepted easily within the mainstream colleges easily due to the change in the thinking of the normal students. They do not take them as friends in the same manner. Also ma ny times the student with disability has faced the teasing issues. These type of issues further loosen their confidence. These students need affection and acceptance which is not given easily in the mainstream colleges. These colleges also do not have all types of facilities as they are not mending as per the requirements of the special needs students. Thus we can say these types of students are right to prefer to be in the same environment where everyone understands the need and problems faced by special students. They tend to be more focused and get their requirements in the special schools which they do not get in the mainstream colleges.

Review of the Movie Bully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Review of the Movie Bully - Essay Example We all know that movie making is a science in itself and the concerted effort of a team of talented and hard working individuals. Making a trailer is part of this process, in the sense that it works towards selling a movie that the team has worked hard to put together. With over 70% of the cinema industry now being dominated by Hollywood, there is also a dependence on the trailer of the movie when deciding if it is worth going spending the money to go watch a new movie or not. Therefore the trailer does play an important part and the making of the trailer can sell the movie as much as kill its revenue. We have often had the experience of coming out of a movie thinking that the movie trailer promised more than what the movie provided. That is the power of advertising. Based on this concept we can easily gauge that a trailer Has to be engaging enough to pique the curiosity of the audience. Has to give an idea of what the audience can expect from a movie. Has to be simple and easy for t he audience to relate to. Has to motivate them to go watch the movie. Based on the above, we will examine the movie trailer of â€Å"Bully†, a documentary based on the culture of bullying in schools around the United States. The documentary is directed by Lee Hirsch and was featured in the Tribeca Film festival in March 2011. The documentary takes us through many cities in the US and many elementary schools with stories of boys and girls who have been subjected to bullying and are relatively helpless in the situation. The movie project is one close to Hirsch’s heart as he himself was a victim of bullying in school. (Itman, 2011). The trailer of the movie, as seen on iTunes Movie trailers (2012) takes us through this journey in a way that is very different from what one would expect from such a powerful theme. Bullying in high schools is not a new issue; it is one that we are all familiar with, either by personal experience or association. Therefore the trailer does not need to sell the concept of bullying in schools. We already know that it is not acceptable and can have terrible consequences. Instead the trailer focuses on the reactions of the school board and the callous attitude shown towards the bullying by teachers and the school authorities. We even have a scene where there is a clipping of a child, Alex being strangled by a bully in the school bus and immediately after that is a clip where the school administrator claims that she has been on the same bus and noticed no such thing, in fact she goes further and describes them â€Å"as good as gold† (iTunes Trailer, 2012). Right there, the effect is created. There is a feeling of shocked speechlessness and the audience involuntarily gasp when watching that. â€Å"13 million kids will be bullied in the US this year† (iTunes Trailer, 2012). The trailer starts with that shocking message and then trails off into a series of interviews, reflections and demonstrations with a catchy an d happy upbeat tune in the background score, making the combination truly dramatic. It is a documentary based on a very serious and alarming issue but it seems to be focused more towards a positive theme, which children who have been bullied can relate to. There is a feeling of hope that is conveyed through the trailer. We are given a gist of the problem, a sense of the indifferent attitude of the school author

Vladimir Jabotinsky Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Vladimir Jabotinsky - Term Paper Example His reason for moving was to study law. While he was staying in these countries, he became a correspondent of several popular Russian newspapers. This can be said to be the commencement of his vocation as a journalist. The reports he wrote were widely read across the entire Russian country. This led to him becoming a very popular and recognizable figure among the elite class of Russian journalists. He even acquired a pseudonym which he used to sign his entire article. The name he used was ‘Altalena’(Nakhimovsky, 2). He was a critique of systems from a very tender age. At one point in his early life he wrote an article criticizing the grading system. He also went on to publish the article in a newspaper while he was only fourteen years of age Early in the twentieth century, there was occurred a pogrom against the Jews of Kishinev. The Jews in this region were massacred in a horrific episode by the Russian authorities in 1903. This made Jabotinsky to begin Zionist activiti es in this region (Schechtman, 22). He organized and mobilized self defense units. These units were aiming at fighting for the rights of the Jewish minority in Russia. They wanted to ensure that the Jewish community was treated as other citizens in Russia. This fight for rights earned Jabotinsky election to the Zionist congress as a delegate. The leader of this movement is said to have immensely impressed Jabotinsky with his fluency of the Hebrew language. This led to him seeking to further master the Hebrew language. This mastery later enhanced his translation skills as he spoke six other languages and several Slavic dialects. While at the congress he engaged in the duties of spreading the Jewish language into the wider areas of Russia. He wanted to ensure that all the Jews living in Russia at the time were in a position to speak their native language. His main target was the young generation of Jews comprising mainly of youths. In 1914, the First World War broke out. As a result o f the war he left Russia as a newspaper correspondent. His journey took him to Egypt. While he was in Egypt, he met another Jewish man called Joseph Trumpeldor. Together they fought and helped form the Jewish Legion. They believed that through the participation of the Jews in the war for the liberation of Israel, they would be in a position to demand something having been parties to the course. The British government did not support the idea but they pressed on and they were later allowed to participate. When this organization of volunteer fighters was formed, Jabotinsky served in it as lieutenant. They were involved in fighting for Israel to be freed from Turkish rule. The many activities which they engaged in during this time did not impress the British mandatory Government. This government handed a sentence of 15 years of hard labour. Jabotinsky, however, did not stay long in the British prison. There was a public outcry concerning the sentence among the Jewish community. He was given amnesty and therefore released from prison immediately. From 1921 he became a member of the Zionist executive but his ideas were different from those of the other members. After several disagreements about the direction of the movement Jabotinsky quit to go and establish the union of Zionist revisionists. The goal of this new movement was to fight for the creation of an independent Jewish state. He is regarded as the founder of the revisionists and held in high esteems as a Zionist

Difference between Efficient managers and Effective managers

Difference between Efficient managers and Effective managers Efficient and Effectiveness as stated by Peter Drucker Efficiency is doing things right; Effectiveness is doing the right thing. An organization survives based on the efficiency and effectiveness of a manager/management. Efficiency is the use of financial, human, physical and information resources such that output is maximised for any given set of resource inputs, or input is minimised for any given quantity and quality of output. An efficient manager might be doing the right job but not the job right. Doing the right job does not require much time or resource. A job can be done very quickly and efficiently within time. In this case, the managers main aim is to get the job done within the allocated time using the given resources. But doing a job effectively involves time and planning the right strategy. In this case the manager concentrates more on the outcome rather than just the input. Both efficiency and effectiveness are an integral part of a successful management. Management is almost entirely concerned with getting things done and determining how to get things accomplished. In each managers mind there is a debate over whether more concern should go into low-cost production or to disregard production costs and go after complete satisfaction of goals and objectives. These two paths are known as the decisions which separate Effectiveness and Efficiency. Effectiveness means that the job was done correctly and was accomplished but with no regard to whether the job was done inexpensively or on time. Whereas, efficiency means that the job was accomplished cheaply and on time yet may not be a very thorough and impressive accomplishment. To illustrate this idea with a simple example, let s take an organization that wants to create an ad for its service/product. Creating the ad within the budget and in time is efficient. But the main things to be considered are the current market trend and environment. It would take more than just time and money to create an ad that would call out to the customers. Creativeness and efficiency alone is not enough to create the perfect ad. A detailed analysis of what the customer wants and expressing it in a way that would appeal to the ethos of the customer is what is required to create the ad. Though this example is not a direct example to management, it is a simple way to highlight the difference between efficiency and effectiveness. In an organization, a leader is different from a manager. A good leader is not essentially a good manager though a good manager should have ideal leadership qualities. A manager is someone who maintains the balance of effectiveness and efficiency in the organization. It is essential that the difference between efficiency and effectiveness is made distinctively clear, as the two are nearly inseparable in business strategy, but they command two distinct points of view. This importance between the two is crucial when it comes to managing an organization. It is also necessary to understand that the two are mutually exclusive and that it is not possible for an organization to survive with just efficiency alone and not effectiveness. Organizational Behaviour Organizational Behaviour (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach. That is, it interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives. The organizations base rests on managements philosophy, values, vision and goals. This in turn drives the organizational culture which is composed of the formal organization, informal organization, and the social environment. The culture determines the type of leadership, communication, and group dynamics within the organization. The workers perceive this as the quality of work life which directs their degree of motivation. The final outcome is performance, individual satisfaction, and personal growth and development. All these elements combine to build the model or framework that the organization operates from. Difference between Leaders and Managers: Leadership is the process of influencing others to work willingly towards an organisation s goals, and to the best of their capabilities. It is considered the foundation of the management function known as leading. As stated in module 10, Leadership in Contemporary Organizations . John Kotter feels that management is about coping with complexity. Good management brings about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans, designing rigid organization structures, and monitoring results against the plans. Leadership is about coping with change. Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future; then they align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles. According to Robert House of Wharton, Managers use the authority inherent in their designated formal rank to obtain compliance. Ideally, all managers should have leadership qualities in them although it is not necessary that all leaders should have managing skills. The fact that an individual can influence others does not tell whether he or she can also plan, organise, and control. Effectiveness and Efficiency in an Organization Effectiveness and efficiency are mutually exclusive things. For a manager, they are both fundamental preconditions. Being effective is to be able to properly analyze the evolving environment and choosing the right things and strategy to concentrate on for the enterprise. On the other hand, being efficient requires a carefully planned cultural and operational framework which helps the manager to achieve a particular degree of success, given the level of resources applied to a particular objective. In any business, an efficient manager is one who uses limited resources available viz., time, material and men to get the job done in a more professional manner. This includes securing productive and profitable results in a short span, using funds allotted for a business more legibly yet smartly, and appraising employee performance etc., In other words, an efficient manager would keep the business running even in dire circumstances. An effective manager, on the other hand, is slightly different from the efficient one. The effective manager focuses on productivity rather than increased/balanced profitability. Effective management has various layers in its setup such as motivation, teamwork, communication and objectives. An effective manager is someone who leads, coordinates and filters various activities of the sub-ordinates and decides an appropriate mechanism to work upon. An effective manager usually works without any constraints such as funds, manpower etc. The focus always implies on better management practices and in turn, better output. Effectiveness is a precondition for the success of any manager; however that depends more upon the uncontrollable variables dictated to the manager by the operational environment and his ability to come up with the right choices that would suit his resources built over time. It may be appreciated that a firms resources in terms of manpower and technology as well as capital would have been built up over time and they have a great degree of rigidity. Once you become effective, efficiency can be an easier thing to bring into operation. The two things are in fact complimentary. Efficiency in fact depends upon the lower level managerial abilities and culture while effectiveness is almost always a top management variable. Management Strategies In management, operating in efficient and in effective ways is a key to good performance and to successfully reaching the goals set for the business. While efficiency and effectiveness are similarly desirable characteristics of business behavior, either one is often seen as attainable only at the expense of the other. Looking at the interplay of the two characteristics can give a clear insight into the ideal behavior for a manager when faced with tasks which must be completed quickly, but also completed in such a way that the key goals are attained. Luther Gulick advocates seven elements which make up common management in any organization. He calls it the POSDCORB. Planning a strategy to accomplish the objectives set for an enterprise. Organizing a formal structure of authority, arranged and defined for specific jobs. Staffing / Recruiting and training personnel. Directing/ Decision making and embodying rules, instructions etc., Co-ordinating various parts of work. Reporting through records, research and inspection. Budgeting in form of fiscal planning, accounting and control. These make up the common administrative tasks managers perform in an organization. The effectiveness of each element makes up both an efficient and effective management system. The following make up management behavior. Management of human resources is a social phenomenon. An effective communication channel is always imperative in any kind of an organization. James Pfiffner calls it the heart of management . Chester Barnard remarks it as the foundation of co-operative group activity. For an effective communication, the information passed on must be clear, consistent, adequate, timely, uniform, flexible and acceptable. A manager must make sure that a proper communication channel is present in an organization. This includes avoiding semantic and ideological barriers, two-valued thinking (Halo effect), stereotyping and dogmatism among the employees. Decision-making is a vital part of an efficient management system. Robert Tannenbaum says decision-making involves a conscious choice or selection of one behavior alternative from a group of two or more behavior alternative. A behavior alternative may simply be known as a decision. Decision-making, in more ways or the other, is a singular function of the manager. It is thus very important in an organization. Herbert Simon came up with the fact that every decision has two basic premises a factual premise and a value premise. A fact is a statement of reality while a value is an expression of preference. A manager would go by decisions based on these only. An effective manager goes in for the factual premise because it can be measured empirically, while the value premise, which may determine efficient factors such as profit, loss, employee satisfaction, cost-cutting etc., would be more preferred by efficient managers. Rensis Likert calls motivation as the core of management . Motivation is a psychological process which energizes and activates an individual to achieve formulated objectives. A manager thus plays a vital role as a driving force behind motivation. On this part, both effective and efficient managers must be good motivators, so as to bring about the best in the employees. Classical and modern management thinkers have listed money and a variety of socio-psychological factors as a source of motivation. Motivation also helps to build teams and perform better. Teamwork is another essential part of management. A manager is the undisputed leader of a team. He delegates work to his sub-ordinates, assigns tasks, creates plans and makes decisions. An autocratic manager would do all the above functions by himself. It is not desirable in an effective organizational system. On the other hand, an efficient manager would tend to be a little autocratic in his functions, because of the limited resources available and some other constraints. It is however better for an organization to be more democratic for proper functioning. Being efficient does not necessarily mean effective. A person can be very efficient at what they are doing but still not get to where they want to be because they arent doing the right things. Thats where effective comes in. Effective means having the desired result. Once the desired overall result is defined, the tasks leading to the result can be isolated and these tasks can then be completed efficiently. If a business wants to grow, one way is to attract more customers. To attract more customers, potential customers must be informed of the advantages of doing business with the company. This requires the step of identifying potential customers and identifying why they would want to become customers. Since the business already has customers, the easiest way to identify new potential customers is to identify people like the existing customers; the reasons these new customers would buy from the business are the same reasons the existing customers do. The steps which will be effective in attracting new customers are now clear: 1. Identify groups of existing customers and find out why they are customers; 2. Identify similar groups outside the existing customer base; 3. Contact these potential customers and let them know the advantages of becoming customers, giving them the reasons existing customers gave. These steps will be effective and they can now be performed efficiently. On the other hand, sending out mass mailings to general mailing lists can also be performed very efficiently, but it wont be as effective and probably will not let the business reach its goals. Importance Managing effectively and efficiently is the way to go about in business. Efficient business tactics would help to know how to deal with finance and personnel in a more productive way. Most successful businesses in the world today are rather efficient than effective. Efficient management practices provide increased sustainability and stability in an organization. It involves novelty in management practices and output. An effective management system takes a long time to fully materialize. It has more to do with the long-term vision of an organization than its present objectives. Effective management also involves setting time benchmarks within the organization, so that a given objective gets completed within a set time. Traditional management practices are usually followed, and the manager sets up an instructional framework within which the sub-ordinates are expected to follow. An effective management system, summarily can be defined as, one which Raises productivity Increases work output from sub-ordinates Functions within a set of rules and regulations Works in a more democratic manner Builds teamwork and effective communication channels A good manager therefore is one who works both efficiently and effectively simultaneously. It is imperative that he does work in a more systematic manner and adapts himself depending on the organizational situation and environment. What an organization / business would need is an effective mechanism and an efficient output. The primary difference: Efficiency productivity metric and Effectiveness quality metric. The thorough understanding of the difference between Effective and Efficient is imperative in the understanding of the importance of that difference. The basic job of a manager is to make decisions, allocate resources, direct activities of other employee to attain goals etc. It is essential that a manager has good relationship with his colleagues and his employee. Communication skills are also very crucial to the role of a manager. This difference between effective and efficient managers is what defines the lines between Average, successful, effective and efficient managers. A person who has the talent to maintain the balance between efficiency and effectiveness is a successful manager. An average manager is someone who fails to maintain the perfect balance but still survives. An efficient manager is someone who does his job right and an effective manager is someone who does the right job and produces the result. According to Peter Drucker setting objectives, organizing the group, motivating and communicating, measuring performance, developing people are the five main essential functions of a manager. But the difference lies in whether the person chooses to do the right job or to do the job right. Drucker was a highly pragmatic man. The first question that must be asked of any requisition is whether it requires a focus on efficiency or effectiveness. These two metrics are often mutually exclusive: You can either get it fast or get it right, but you can rarely get both at the same time. Efficiency is a measure of speed and cost. Efficiency says Getting someone in here right away is more important than getting the right person later. Effectiveness is a measure of quality and goodness. Effectiveness says the opposite: Hiring the right person is more important than hiring someone right away. This subtle difference between doing the right thing and doing things right is what determines success. But just knowing the difference alone does not make one successful. The implementation of this distinctive managing strategy is key to being a successful manager. In any case an efficient manager can also be successful in that he completes the job allocated to him with or without attaining the desired results. Conclusion and Case Study A study at NAMB(National Association of Mortgage Brokers), McLean, Virginia, shows that the planning process at NAMB was sketchy, at best, and was essentially staff-driven. However, as a result of attending ASAEs CEO Symposium (a two-day event for the chief executive officer and chief elected officer to explore priorities for the year and determine how best to work together) the National Association of Mortgage Brokers incoming president (the chief elected officer) decided to transform the board into a true governance board to ensure the implementation of NAMBs strategic plan, which was subsequently adopted by the organization in October of that year. During a strategic planning retreat designed to address organizational planning in a more formal way, an external facilitator led a group of volunteer stakeholders in a two-day process that resulted in the preliminary draft of that plan. Participants included key board leadership and several volunteer leaders from NAMBs affiliated state s. At this stage, the work was volunteer-intensive and focused on major long-term strategic and visionary outcomes. The facilitator, who was familiar with the industry, limited the plan to four or five basic goals with broader objectives and strategies. As a result of this commitment to planning and governance, NAMBs national board meetings are now focused on key outcome areas of the strategic plan and have greatly delineated the boards role of being effective (achieving strategic outcomes) from the staffs more operational role of being efficient. However, this does not mean that the dedicated staffs of NAMB work solely on maintenance items (maintaining and sustaining growth). The planning process and the clearer delineation of responsibilities have created a stronger partnership in the organization, especially through the process that now separates growth from maintenance targets. This occurred during the development of committee action plans and individual performance targets. Being effective and efficient are not just words. They are identifiable actions that are integrated into a plan that ultimately elevates the performance of individuals and organizations concludes NAMB s chief executive officer. Another example to illustrate the difference between efficient and effective management: Consider an organization, a car accessories company, wants to introduce a new range of audio and video systems. As the company is already specialized in automobile accessories, it would not take much time to introduce a new improved product. Getting the work done would take considerable time but it is possible. An efficient management knows very well the general demand in the society and would get the work done efficiently. But an effective organization, though aware of the general demand of the society, would analyze the market and would put in the time and effort to get the work done to satisfy the needs and wants in the market. The difference here is, an efficient management would produce a product that is in demand at that particular time, which would bring sufficient profit to the organization but not the desired success, but may not be in much demand later on. On the other hand an effective organization, after analyzing and planning strategically, would produce a product which is not only in demand but in need which means the product would last in the market longer which is a success for the organization. Efficiency is about producing the end result in an economical, time saving and cost efficient way but Effectiveness is about producing something that would last, no matter what the cost. Efficiency alone will lead an organization to bankruptcy. Effectiveness (efficacy) alone may allow the organization to survive. However the organization will not reach its maximum potential if it is inefficient. Effectiveness and efficiency together will almost guarantee success. An effective organization is at least going in the right direction, even if it is not getting there very fast. An efficient organization is taking the fast track to wherever it is going, be that a good or bad direction. The organization that is efficacious and efficient will grow and take business away from companies that do only one or the other. Knowing and handling the difference between efficiency and effectiveness will eventually lead an organization to success.

Comparing Daisy Miller and The Beast in the Jungle by Henry James Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Henry James' Daisy Miller and "The Beast in the Jungle" are first and foremost powerful tragedies because they employ such universal themes as crushed ambitions and wasted lives. And the appeal of each does not lie solely in the darkening plot and atmosphere, but in those smallest details James gives us. Omit Daisy's strange little laughs, delete Marcher's "[flinging] himself, face down, on [May's] tomb," and what are we left with? Daisy Miller would be a mere character study against the backdrop of clashing American and Euro- pean cultures and "The Beast in the Jungle," a very detailed inner diary of a completely self-absorbed man who deservingly meets his fate in the end. It is only when we consider the unfulfilled social ambitions of Daisy Miller and the hopeless, empty life of John Marcher as tragedies that we begin to feel for these two works and discover the unmistakable depths that make them so touchingly, and sometimes disturbingly, profound. Their tragic conclusions are about the only thing these stories share, though; there is a stark difference in the way Henry James approached his narrative and characterization technique to convey most fully the underlying tragedies. And yet, despite such differences, which draw mainly from the use of opposing tones of voice in the two stories, the bleakness of the stories of Daisy and Marcher is unmistakable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edith Wharton proposes an interesting theory as to what makes a tragedy, and it has very much to do with our reading experience. What we know about the events slowly unfolding before us, or what the author allows us to know, heavily influences the way we feel about the story and its characters, ... ...knowing that comes from reading is sometimes also granted to the characters we are reading about. Despite the differences in narrative techniques, the two stories do converge here. It is sad to leave these stories knowing that part of the blame for the fates of the two main characters must actually be put on themselves, but even sadder to see that they are not allowed to remain ignorant forever, to know that they, too, finally realize how they have become their own worst enemies. And herein lies the essence of their tragedies: this "illumination" (54), "this horror of waking" (673).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited James, Henry. "The Beast in the Jungle." The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. ______. Daisy Miller. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1995.